Lebanese Ministry of Information
Aggressive strategy leaves US better poised to attack in case of major conflict but carries significant risk of escalating digital Cold War and cementing power grids as legitimate targets
The United States is stepping up digital incursions into Russia’s electric power grid in a warning to President Vladimir Putin and a demonstration of how the Trump administration is using new authorities to deploy cyber-tools more aggressively, current and former government officials said.
In interviews over the past three months, the officials described the previously unreported deployment of US computer code inside Russia’s grid and other targets as a classified companion to more publicly discussed action directed at Moscow’s disinformation and hacking units around the 2018 midterm elections.
Advocates of the more aggressive strategy said it was long overdue, after years of public warnings from the Department of Homeland Security and the FBI that Russia has inserted malware that could sabotage US power plants, oil and gas pipelines, or water supplies in any future conflict with the United States.
The administration declined to describe specific actions it was taking under the new authorities, which were granted separately by the White House and Congress last year to US Cyber Command, the arm of the Pentagon that runs the military’s offensive and defensive operations in the online world.
But in a public appearance Tuesday, President Donald Trump’s national security adviser, John Bolton, said the United States was now taking a broader view of potential digital targets as part of an effort “to say to Russia, or anybody else that’s engaged in cyber-operations against us: ‘You will pay a price’”.
Since at least 2012, current and former officials say, the United States has put reconnaissance probes into the control systems of the Russian electric grid.
But now the US strategy has shifted more towards offence, officials say, with the placement of potentially crippling malware inside the Russian system at a depth and with an aggressiveness that had never been tried before.
The commander of US Cyber Command, General Paul Nakasone, has been outspoken about the need to “defend forward” deep in an adversary’s networks to demonstrate that the United States will respond to the barrage of online attacks aimed at it.
But finding ways to calibrate those responses so that they deter attacks without inciting a dangerous escalation has been the source of constant debate.
But the action inside the Russian electric grid appears to have been conducted under little-noticed new legal authorities, slipped into the military authorisation bill passed by Congress last summer.
The measure approved the routine conduct of “clandestine military activity” in cyberspace, to “deter, safeguard or defend against attacks or malicious cyber-activities against the United States”.
“It has gotten far, far more aggressive over the past year,” one senior intelligence official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity but declining to discuss any specific classified programmes. We are doing things at a scale that we never contemplated a few years ago.”
The critical question — impossible to know without access to the classified details of the operation — is how deep into the Russian grid the United States has bored.
Both General Nakasone and Mr Bolton, through spokesmen, declined to answer questions about the incursions into Russia’s grid.
Officials at the National Security Council also declined to comment but said they had no national security concerns about the details of The New York Times’ reporting about the targeting of the Russian grid, perhaps an indication that some of the intrusions were intended to be noticed by the Russians.
Speaking on Tuesday at a conference sponsored by The Wall Street Journal, Mr Bolton said: “We thought the response in cyberspace against electoral meddling was the highest priority last year, and so that’s what we focused on. But we’re now opening the aperture, broadening the areas we’re prepared to act in.”
He added, referring to nations targeted by US digital operations: “We will impose costs on you until you get the point.”
Two administration officials said they believed President Trump had not been briefed in any detail about the steps to place “implants” — software code that can be used for surveillance or attack — inside the Russian grid.
Because the new law defines the actions in cyberspace as akin to traditional military activity on the ground, in the air or at sea, no such briefing would be necessary, they added.
Russian intrusion on US infrastructure has been the background noise of superpower competition for more than a decade.
But Mr Obama was reluctant to respond to such aggression by Russia with counter-attacks, partly for fear that the United States’ infrastructure was more vulnerable than Moscow’s and partly because intelligence officials worried that by responding in kind, the Pentagon would expose some of its best weaponry.
At the end of Mr Obama’s first term, government officials began uncovering a Russian hacking group, alternately known to private security researchers as Energetic Bear or Dragonfly. But the assumption was that the Russians were conducting surveillance, and would stop well short of actual disruption.
“It was the first stage in long-term preparation for an attack,” said John Hultquist, director of intelligence analysis at FireEye, a security company that has tracked the group.
In December 2015, a Russian intelligence unit shut off power to hundreds of thousands of people in western Ukraine. The attack lasted only a few hours, but it was enough to sound alarms at the White House.
A team of US experts was dispatched to examine the damage, and concluded that one of the same Russian intelligence units that wreaked havoc in Ukraine had made significant inroads into the US energy grid, according to officials and a homeland security advisory that was not published until December 2016.
“That was the crossing of the Rubicon,” said David J. Weinstein, who previously served at Cyber Command and is now chief security officer at Claroty, a security company that specialises in protecting critical infrastructure.
In late 2015, just as the breaches of the Democratic National Committee began, yet another Russian hacking unit began targeting critical US infrastructure, including the electricity grid and nuclear power plants.
Until the last few months of the Obama administration, Cyber Command was largely limited to conducting surveillance operations inside Russia’s networks.
At a conference this year held by the Hewlett Foundation, Eric Rosenbach, a former chief of staff to the defence secretary and who is now at Harvard, cautioned that when it came to offensive operations “we don’t do them that often”.
He added: “I can count on one hand, literally, the number of offensive operations that we did at the Department of Defence.”
Mr Obama secretly ordered some kind of message-sending action inside the Russian grid, the specifics of which have never become public. It is unclear whether much was accomplished.
“Offensive cyber is not this, like, magic cyber-nuke where you say, ‘OK, send in the aircraft and we drop the cyber-nuke over Russia tomorrow,’” Mr Rosenbach said at the conference, declining to discuss specific operations.
Mr Trump’s initial cyber-team decided to be far more public in calling out Russian activity.
In early 2018, it named Russia as the country responsible for “the most destructive cyber-attack in human history”, which paralysed much of Ukraine and affected American companies including Merck and FedEx.
When General Nakasone took over both Cyber Command and the National Security Agency a year ago, his staff was assessing Russian hackings on targets that included the Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp., which runs a nuclear power plant near Burlington, Kansas, as well as previously unreported attempts to infiltrate Nebraska Public Power District’s Cooper Nuclear Station, near Brownville.
The hackers got into communications networks, but never took over control systems.
In August, General Nakasone used the new authority granted to Cyber Command by the secret presidential directive to overwhelm the computer systems at Russia’s Internet Research Agency — the group at the heart of the hacking during the 2016 election in the United States.
It was one of four operations his Russia Small Group organised around the midterm elections. Officials have talked publicly about those, though they have provided few details.
But the recent actions by the United States against the Russian power grids, whether as signals or potential offensive weapons, appear to have been conducted under the new congressional authorities.
As it games out the 2020 elections, Cyber Command has looked at the possibility that Russia might try selective power blackouts in key states, some officials said. For that, they said, they need a deterrent.
In the past few months, Cyber Command’s resolve has been tested.
For the past year, energy companies in the United States and oil and gas operators across North America discovered their networks had been examined by the same Russian hackers who successfully dismantled the safety systems in 2017 at Petro Rabigh, a Saudi petrochemical plant and oil refinery.
The question now is whether placing the equivalent of land mines in a foreign power network is the right way to deter Russia. While it parallels Cold War nuclear strategy, it also enshrines power grids as a legitimate target.
“We might have to risk taking some broken bones of our own from a counter-response, just to show the world we’re not lying down and taking it,” said Robert P. Silvers, a partner at the law firm Paul Hastings and former Obama administration official.
“Sometimes you have to take a bloody nose to not take a bullet in the head down the road.”
The Independent
